Philosophers

These are the philosphers which I have researched up to this point.
Baldassare Castiglione
Italy
15th and 16 centuries
Book of the Courtier
Embodies Italian humanism; applied the idea of the Renaissance or of the well-rounded man to the court realm

Niccolo Machiavelli
Italy
15th and 1th centuries
The Price
Most influencial writing on politics in history; "the ends justify the means"; called for rulers to be willing to sacrifice everything for their country

Sir Thomas More
England
15th and 16th centuries
Utopia
Formed the idea of a perfect society where all items were shared and all citizens were reasonable in thought

Desiderius Erasmus
The land to be known in the future as Holland
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
Colloquies; Adages
Advocated for literacy and humanism; came up with various proverbs; advocated for Catholic reformation; "Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched"

Martin Luther
Germany
15th and 16th centuries
95 theses; Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation; The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Spoke out against indulgences and Cahtolic corruption such as nepotism; "sola fide"; his ideas gave birth to Lutheranism and Protestantism

John Calvin
France
16th century
Institutions of the Christian Religion
Pioneering "pre-destination"; gave rise to the Genevan Church-State; followed Zwingli's idea of consubstantiation

Ignatius of Loyola
Italy
16th century
Spiritual Exercises
Created the Soviety of Jesus, or the Jesuits; gave rise to Catholic missionaries who would wage spiritual warfare against the oncoming tide of Protestantism

Theodore Beza
France
sixteenth century
On the Right of Magistrates over their Subjects
Supporter of Calvin and his teachings; believed that tyrannical rulers should be overthrown by their subservients

Philippe du Plessis Mornay
France
sixteenth century
Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants
Called for the king's underlings to rise up in the event of tyranny, an idea shared by Theodore Beza

That's all I've got so far and if any kind soul would like to add on, feel free as the sea to do so!

Good work. I'll start backward and post what I've got.

Jean Paul Sartre
a. France
b. 20th century
c. Nausea; Being and Nothingness
d. Soviet supporter; "questioned the primacy of reason and scientific understanding as ways of coming to grips with the human situation."; existentialist.

Albert Camus
a. France
b. 20th Century
c. The Stranger; The Plague
d. Existentialist (cannot depend on traditional religion, rational philosophy, intuition, or social customs for ethical guidance [I ask, then where?]); won Nobel Prize

Auguste Comte
a. France (again)
b. 18-19th Centuries
c. The Positive Philosophy
d. Positivism- Three stages: theology, metaphysical, and positive

(There's more, I just want to publish these so they aren't lost.)
Pg. 13

Theodore Herzl
a. Austria-Hungary
b. 19-20th Centuries
c. The Jewish State
d. Began the Zionist organization- a movement against anti-Semetism, also an organization that desired to realize some of the ideals of both liberalism and socialism in a state outside Europe.

Friedrich Nietzsche (some name!)
a. Germany
b. 19-20th (does 1900 count as the 20th century?)
c. The Birth of Tragedy; "Thus Spake Zarathustra"; Beyond Good and Evil; The Genealogy of Morals
d. Portrayed Christianity as a religion that glorified weakness rahter than the strength life required; against Christianity, democracy, nationalism, rationality, science, and progress (wow)

Houston Stewart Chamberlain
a. England
b. 19-20th Centuries
c. Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
d. Biological determination through race-> improved and superior race could be made (i.e. nasty racist) hated the Jews

Arthur Shopenhauer (fun name, too; HE EVEN LOOKS FUNNY!)
a. Germany
b. 18-19th Centuries
c. On the Fourfold Foot of the Principle of Sufficient Reason; The World as Will and Representation
d. Can reason unlock the world's secrets; emotions and desires can never be fulfilled (like Freud)

*Going backward by page, obviously*
Pg. 12

Count Arthur de Gobineau (more fun names! he gets to be a count)
a. France
b. 19th Century
c. Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
d. Degeneration of the Aryan race; unwise inter-marriage; "yellow and black" inferior races; no way to reveres degeneration; others applied "survival of the fittest" (i.e. another nasty racist)

Herbert Spencer (Herbert sounds like sherbert, and now I want icecream)
a. England
b. 19-20th Centuries
c. Social Statics: Man Versus The State; The Principles of Psychology; Education: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical
d. struggle between human beings is an "ethical imperative"; might makes right ideas

Ernest Renan
a. France
b. 19th Century
c. études d'histoire religieuse; Lectures On The Influence Of The Institutions, Thought And Culture Of Rome On Christianity And The Development Of The Catholic Church
d. Questioned the historical validity of the Bible; led people to lose faith; Islam and Judaism were manifestations of the ancient Semetic mentality; Islam was incapable of developing science and closed to new ideas

This was Pg. 11

I WOULD LIKE TO NOTE TO THOSE WHO ARE COPYING AND PASTING:

Be careful. I wrote some stuff just to make this a bit more interesting. Pay attention to it, please. Sorry if this is an inconvenience, but like Mrs. Anderson told us, you have to make hard things fun!

I'd like to add something about Nietzsche-
ubermensch: the idea of the overman: the idea that humans can overcome such "weak organizations", as you put it. This, more importantly, misinterpreted by the likes of Hitler to mean that a certain race of man was superior and would forcibly destroy all the "weaker institutions."
These are great, I'll try to contribute more if I possibly can.

NOOOOO!!!!! ALL OF PAGE TEN WAS LOST!!!!!!! NOOOOOOO!!!!!

I'll be back to continue later. It's dinner time. *sigh*

I had been just typing it instead of writing it down!

Oh, and thank you, Weston. I had seen that, but didn't add it. I don't know why. Thanks, again!

thank you Chelsea for helping!

This is great guys thanks for posting this i have a lot of the middle part ill try to post as soon as im finished with the chart =]

Mikhail Bakunin
Russia
19th century
Statism and Anarchy
God and the State
Idea of anarchal collectivism, system to be championed by Stalin (however modified to place administration of production into the hands of the government as opposed to that of the individual); citizens, individuals own and produce

Pope Pius IX
Italy
Syllabus of Errors
renewed ancient sentiments such as papal infallibility; set the RCC directly against new age science, hpilosophy, economics, ect.

Pope Leo XIII
Tialy
19th century (so is Pius)
Rerum Novarum
liberal pope, advocated for: private property, workers' rights and unions; advocated against socialism and Marxism and state sponsered education

David Friedrich Strauss
Germany
19th century
Leben Jesu
Chrisliche Dogmatik
Pioneer of investigation into the life of Jesus; denied Jesus's divinity

There you go - that's page dix

Merci beaucoup, Tristan!

Carter...I'd like to point out that with the popes, although the Vatican is in Rome, and therefore Italy, it might be more helpful just to say the Vatican, because the popes really weren't that involved with the country of Italy at this point.

I am currently working on combining all three charts together to make one packet. I am currently working on the philosophers chart, and then I will finish the war chart. There were some philosophers you missed in the first post, a spanish missionary was not noted in it..

thankx carter and chelsea, ya'll were helpful

Thanks Carter, these are great, but I wasn't aware that Machiavelli wrote The Price in the 1th century.

At least we get the point... Machievelli wrote The Prince in the 15th-16th centuries, right?

Theresa of Avila
a. Spain
b. 16th
c. Way of Perfection
d. Spanish mystic and writer of the Counter-Reformation; outlined stages of spirituality.

Bernal Diaz del Castillo
a. Spain
b. 16th-17th
c. The Conquest of New Spain
d. Spanish historian who recorded the history of the Spanish conquest of Mexico.

Bartolomeo de las Casas
a. Spain
b. 15th-16th
c. Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, Apologetic History of the Indies
d. Settled in the Spanish New World colonies. The atrocities he witnessed led him to oppose the torture and genocide of the Native Americans.

Thomas Hobbes
a. England
b. 16th-17th
c. Leviathan
d. Advocated an absolutist system of government in which all personal rights were surrendered to the supreme monarch. Did not allow man to overthrow a government.

John Locke
a. England
b. 17th-18th
c. Two Treatises on Government, Essay Concerning Human Understanding
d. Pioneered inductive observation and stressed the inportance of environment on human development; "tabula rasa" (blank slate); knowledge is 1) according to reason, 2) contrary to reason, and 3) above reason.

Rene Descartes
a. France
b. 16th-17th
c. Discourse on Method
d. Built the scintific method on deductive analysis and developed mathematical algebra.

Francis Bacon
a. England
b. 16th-17th
c. Novum Organum, The New Atlantis
d. Advocated inductive method of scientific experimentation and developed the scientific method. He also expressed his hopes for a future utopian society.

Adam Smith
a. Scotland
b. 18th
c. The Wealth of Nations
d. Developed theory of capitalism; believed in free trade and the laissez-faire principle.

Thomas Paine
a. Britain
b. 18th-19th
c. Common Sense, The American Crisis
d. Was one of the founding fathers of the United States. He used his pamphlets to gain support for the American Revolution.

David Hume
a. Scotland
b. 18th
c. A Treatise of Human Nature, The Natural History of Religion
d. Emphasized the limitations of human reasoning and later became a dogmatic skeptic; "man can accept as true only those things for which he has the evidence of factual observation."

Immanuel Kant
a. Germany
b. 18th
c. Critique of Pure Reason
d. Separated the branches of science and morality. He wrote in support of rationalism and gathering rational input.

Baron de Montesquieu
a. France
b. 17th-18th
c. The Spirit of the Laws, Persian Letters
d. Criticized absolute monarchies and introduced the separation of powers (legislative, executive, and judicial branches).

Marie Arouet (Voltaire)
a. France
b. 17th-18th
c. Candide
d. Accepted Deism and strongly defended freedom of speech: "I do not agree with what you say but I will defend, to the death, your right to say it."

Georg Friedrich Hegel
a. Germany
b. 18th-19th
c. Science of Logic
d. Developed a thoery of synthesis emerging from a thesis and anti-thesis. Many of his works have served as justifications for revolutions.

John Stuart Mill
a. England
b. 19th
c. Utilitarianism, On Liberty
d. Wanted to integrate the working class into politics. He supported liberal political ideas such as women's rights and universal suffrage.

Jeremy Bentham
a. England
b. 18th-19th
c. Fragment on Government
d. Advocated the greatest good for the greatest number of people and required government regulation of the economy to protect those being hurt.

Thomas Malthus
a. England
b. 18th-19th
c. Essay on Population
d. "Malthusian scissors;" eventually, the populaton will outstrip resources. He said famine, diease, and war would effectively liit the population and were therefore necessary.

David Ricardo
a. Britain
b. 18th-19th
c. Essay on Profits, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation
d. "Iron law of wages;" theorized that higher wages would lead to higher populaton; because of a larger workforce, wages would go down. Then, the population would shrink again, and wages would rise.

Charles Darwin
a. England
b. 19th
c. The Origin of Species, The Descent of Man
d. Suggested the evolution of humans from earlier species. He also developed the theory of natural selection (survival of the fittest).

Robert Owen
a. Britain
b. 18th-19th
c. A New View of Society
d. Founded an experimental industrial community at New Lanark and an experimental agricultural community at New Harmony. He helped to found socialism.

Comte Henri de Saint-Simon
a. France
b. 18th-19th
c. Memoir on the Science of Man, Of the Industrial System, Of the Social Organization
d. Saint-Simon founded a semi-mystical Christian-Scientific socialism. He advocated the reorganization of society around a group of philosophers, engineers, and scientists.

Charles Fourier
a. France
b. 18th-19th
c. The Theory of the Four Movements, Design for Utopia: Selected Writings
d. Fourier was a utopian socialist who founded communist communities such as the North American Phalanx.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon
a. France
b. 19th
c. What is Property?
d. Anarchist writer who attracted the attention of Karl Marx. Proudhon advocated individual property instead of socialization. He believed that social revolution could be peaceful.

August Blanqui
a. France
b. 19th
c. L'eternite par les astres
d. Was active in the French revolutions of 1830 and 1848. He attacked existing institutions but spent most of his live in prison.

Friedrich Engels
a. Germany
b. 19th
c. The Holy Family, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844
d. Engels worked with Karl Marx to develop communist theory; they authored The Communist Manifesto together.

Karl Marx
a. Germany
b. 19th
c. The Communist Manifesto
d. Critique of utopians and socialists. He theorized that capitalism was an economic stage that lead to socialism and then pure communism.

you guys!!! thank u so much for this info!

To everyone who posted information for the review charts, you guys are totally amazing!!! Thank you so much for taking time out to post. You've helped everyone so much.

Thanks you guys so much!

Bless you, Ellen Price!